09. RUKUN KOTA (URBAN SPACE BASED ON GUYUB CULTURE): FROM TUGU PAL PUTIH TO NORTH ALUN-ALUN YOGYAKARTA.
By: Edi Purwanto
The urban space stretching from Tugu Pal Putih to Alun-alun Utara as part of the centre of Yogyakarta City is basically created by an interconnection between the physical space of the city and the values of the social-economic-cultural life developed by the space actors along the history, forming its character and image. Such an interconnection results in a variety of perceptions, emotions, and feelings of the space actors. Because it has occurred for a long time repeatedly, the interconnection becomes institutionalized, intertwined, and strongly stored in every space actor’s cognitive memory, which eventually becomes an important factor in the development of the meaning of the urban space. The investigation of the meaning of the urban space is based on four reasons that: [1] a variety of the space actors have very significant roles in and influences on the formation of the meaning of the urban space; [ii] the urban space has special characteristics; [iii] the formation of meaning will strengthen the existence and character of the urban space; [iv] the meaningful existence of the urban space is an opportunity for new insights to appear regarding the planning and designing of the urban space rooted in the local values.
The objective of the research study is to explore the meaning of the urban space stretching from Tugu Pal Putih to Alun-alun Utara, which is full of apparent plurality of values, so that the description of the meaning of the urban space is understandable in its connection with the context of the space actors’ socio-cultural plurality and backgrounds as a whole and in depth. The research study employing a phenomenological model within the naturalistic paradigm is selected to reveal the meaning of the urban space stretching from Tugu Pal Putih to Alun-alun Utara. The reason for the selection of such a model and paradigm is that it is more appropriate to reveal and understand what is hidden behind the phenomena constructing the meaning of the urban space.
This research study has resulted in knowledge of semantic concepts of the urban space in the form of: [i] consensus space; [ii] existential space; and [iii] collective imagination space. Such concepts contain value systems with principles of [i] mutual respect; [ii] mutual appreciation; [iii] mutual help; [iv] sharing; [v] mutual acceptance; [vi] mutual respect to freedom. Beliefs concerning space consist of perceptions regarding [i] inner serenity and tranquility; [ii] inner satisfaction; [iii] blessing and luck; [iv] protection and strength; [v] spirit; [vi] sense of belonging of space. There is a mutual synergy of value systems and beliefs to develop strength, resulting in a guyub culture as a social capital in the urban space.
The substance in the guyub culture becomes the basis of the development of a substantive theory, namely “rukun kota”. Theoretically, “rukun kota” is established in accordance with the interconnection between the value systems and the beliefs of the urban space, independently developed by the space actors, in the form of a passage space (axis) with the boundaries of being influenced by the guyub culture. In the “rukun kota”, all spatial behaviors of the space actors in relation to the economic, social, cultural, spiritual, and political aspects are always based on the rukun culture. The guyub culture can be found and recognized especially in kampongs, and some penetrates into the urban space because the space actors by intention or by accident bring it with them. Some is established through the development by the space actors in the urban space and through a strengthen of values and believes process.
Keywords : Local values, Rukun Kota, Guyub Culture, Urban Space
10. PENGARUH POLITIK TERHADAP ARSITEKTUR RUMAH CINA
Studi Kasus: Pecinan Sekitar Pasar Gedhe Surakarta
By: Dhani Mutiari
The Chinese Community of Surakarta lives in the environment, which is mostly affected by political policy of the government power. The problems relate to the political factors that affects architecture houses of Chinese Community. This started from the era of Mataram Kingdom in 1745, to the period of Dutch Colonial Power in 1755-1942, until the period of Reformation Era in 1998-2008. This regards to how the reaction of Chinese community facing the problems.
The focus theory of the research will be related to the linked between politics and architecture. This theory will be associated with the sustainability of architectural forms in anticipating modification factors. The substantive theory used in this research includes the concept of way of live, personality, the culture of Chinese community related to architecture which is formed traditionally that is developed in urban area.
Case study research is used with the combination between textual analysis and empirical analysis by observation. The textual analysis is conducted to obtain the reference and theory related to Chinese Architecture and history of political development of the Chinese community in Indonesia, especially in Surakarta City. Furthermore, the content analysis will be used in order to find the meaning of housing / shop-housing visual according to text analysis interviews and direct observation.
Results of the research found that the political factor which was influencing the Chinese architecture in Surakarta was “Ethnic Segregation”. This gained the access to the Chinatown by acculturation, assimilation through economic development, restricted to economic development in the rural area, prohibitted to the Chinese identity expressions; destroyer of Chinese houses, prohibitted to the expression freedom. Other findings are that the reaction of Chinese community express in the space lay out and housing façade. This leads to increasing power of the Chinese identity; adapting to other cultures; modification and creation of new identity, closeness, and heritage conservation.
Keywords: politics, architecture, Chinese houses
11. THE CLAN FORMATION AND THE SPATIAL FORMATION ON DAWANESE SETTLEMENT ARCHITECTURE OF KAENBAUN VILLAGE AT TIMOR ISLAND
By: Yohanes Djarot Purbadi
Architecture of vernacular settlement is an interesting research topic since it expresses the culture and the local wisdom of its people. Until now knowledge about architecture of vernacular settlements is still marginalized from the discourses of philosophies, approaches and theories about settlement architecture in Indonesia. On the other sense, architecture of vernacular settlement phenomena is believed to have potentials to build local theories for conserving and preserving the old settlements and produce new settlements design which based on local wisdom that fit with local cultures and physical conditions and in line with sustainable architecture.
This research is about architecture of vernacular settlement in socio-cultural contexts of Dawanese in Kaenbaun village of Timor island. The research was guided by Husserlian phenomenology paradigm. The objectives of the research are to reach indepth understanding about of Dawanese settlement culture in Kaenbaun village and to find the concepts and implicit theories which are used for designing the architecture of their settlement.
The results of the research are indepth knowledge about Kaenbaunese socio-culture and its settlement architecture, and the spatial formation theory as the base of their settlement design. Formation of Kaenbaun settlement architecture is based on four spiritual elements i.e. (1) sacred stone, (2) sacred water spring, (3) clan sacred house, and (4) catholic belief. Spatial formation of Kaenbaun settlement architecture is based on Kaenbaun unique clans formation that are supported by four specific concepts, i.e. (1) ethnical brotherhood concept, (2) unite of the ancestor within catholic church, (3) cultural diversity in unity, and (4) unite with nature. The four specific concepts generate local customs and used as guidance for spatial behavior of Kaenbaun people and as the base for their spatial formation of Kaenbaun settlement design. The Kaenbaun spatial formation theory is essentially based on the Kaenbaunese ideal values: ideal life is in union with God, ancestors, brothers and sisters, and nature in the universe. Based on that reason, the Kaenbaun spatial formation theory called socio-spiritual spatial theory because contains with social and spiritual substances.
Keywords: Vernacular Settlement, Clan Formation, Spatial Formation, Socio-spiritual Spatial
